![\"\"](\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/0bfc0ce99892772fc285e10ee3943d9a.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649, \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 : \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1765 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 James Watt, \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629, \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629, \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 18 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629.[[i]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0635\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632. \u0627\u0646 William Bolts \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 ” \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 ” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1772.<\/span><\/p>\n ” \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0651\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.” \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a Friedrich Engels \u00a0\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.[[ii]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 ” \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0636 ” \u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 ” \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 ” \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.[[iii]] \u0641\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 ” \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f, \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631, \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.[[iv]] \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u00a0 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627, \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1831 \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1838, \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1838\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637, \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 1839 \u2013 1846 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 . \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1853 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1875 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1880 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 250 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629.[[v]] \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1878 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1871 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0626 \u0641\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a.\u00a0 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628, \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621.[[vi]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631, \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646.[[vii]] \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1881. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627. \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628, \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0643. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u063a \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0640 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 Theodor Herzl \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 [[viii]] \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u00a0 “\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645…”\u00a0 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0646 ( \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629),\u00a0 “…. \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0643\u0645. \u00a0\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0643\u0645…” ( \u0644\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0643\u0645)[[ix]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1883 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u063a \u0643\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1896 \u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649, \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1887 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632, \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1892 \u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a Balya- Karaayd\u0131n \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a, \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1893 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Kassandra. \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a, \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 1902 \u2013 1911 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 65 \u2013 68 % \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a, \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0646\u0643 Ziraat ( \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 ) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0643 Banque Imperiale Ottamane \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 ( \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 ) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1888 \u0628\u0646\u0643 Selanik \u0628\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u2013 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a, \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1906 \u0628\u0646\u0643 Deutsche-Orient \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a.[[x]] \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u0622\u062e\u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643, \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a Komatsu Akihito \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1889 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0623\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f, \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 ( \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646 ) \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627.[[xi]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0630\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.[[xii]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 Nelidov \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 25 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 1889 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0644: “…. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629, \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646.”[[xiii]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 7 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 1890. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626, \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u062c\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u063a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 69 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 540 \u0634\u062e\u0635. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 69 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 2 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 1891 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 2 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0645 Kongo \u0648 Nippon Hiyei. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 Pankaj Mishra \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629: ” \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 1890 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644, \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u062c\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631.”[[xiv]]Mishra \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a: \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a Meiji Mikado \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627.[[xv]] \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a: ” \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629, \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646.”[[xvi]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 Mishra, \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1904-1905 ( \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0645\u0627 ) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645: \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a, \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1907 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 ( \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0646 ” \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 ” \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631.) \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 : ” \u0623\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 ). \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a. \u00a0\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629.”[[xvii]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631, \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1930 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 : \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 Meiji \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f: ” \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0621.” \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.[[xviii]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 ” \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f Curzon \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 Theodore Roosevelt ” \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 “.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 ” \u062a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0629” \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628, \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 J\u00f6n-T\u00fcrk \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1908 \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1876. \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1906. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u0632\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1908 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 ( 1865-1935 ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646, \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 ” \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631 ” \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 [[xix]].<\/span><\/p>\n \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062f\u064a\u0628, \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1905 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644 Togo (\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0648) \u0648\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u063a\u0648.[[xx]]<\/span><\/p>\n \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 ” \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629, \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627…. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 “.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1905 \u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0646 ” \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 ” \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 ” \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0631 “. \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 Lord Curzon \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a, \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 , \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. Hegel \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0640 Marx ” \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645, \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 ” [[xxi]] \u062d\u062a\u0649 John Stuart Mill \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 ” \u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u0637 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n [i] Jack Goody, Avrasya Mucizesi, K\u00fcre Yay., 2013, s.128-141<\/span><\/p>\n [ii] Cengiz \u00d6zak\u0131nc\u0131, Hangi Osmanl\u0131, B\u00fct\u00fcn D\u00fcnya Dergisi, Ba\u015fkent \u00dcniversitesi K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay., Nisan 2011, s.64-65<\/span><\/p>\n [iii] Ersin Embel, Emperyalizmin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, Siyasi Tarih, Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 No:2981, Ankara, 2013, s.39-40<\/span><\/p>\n [iv] \u0130lber Ortayl\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Alman N\u00fcfuzu, Alk\u0131m Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2005, s.13<\/span><\/p>\n [v] M. Metin H\u00fclag\u00fc, Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid D\u00f6nemi ve Demiryolu Politikas\u0131, s.5\u00a0http:\/\/www.metinhulagu.com\/images\/dosyalar\/201203021125000.pdf<\/a>,\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [vi] Bernard Lewis, Modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Do\u011fu\u015fu, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1998, s.127<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [vii] Ortayl\u0131, a.g.e., s.39<\/span><\/p>\n [viii] Osmanl\u0131 Belgelerinde Filistin, TC. Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Devlet Ar\u015fivleri Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi Daire B\u015fk.\u2019l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2009, s.303-304<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [ix] Belge No:1a ve 1b (makalenin sonundad\u0131r)<\/span><\/p>\n [x] \u0130lber Ortayl\u0131, a.g.e., s.40<\/span><\/p>\n [xi] \u0130. S\u00fcreyya S\u0131rma, Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in \u00c7in\u2019e G\u00f6nderdi\u011fi Enver Pa\u015fa Heyeti Hakk\u0131nda Baz\u0131 Bilgiler, 5-9 \u015eubat 1979 tarihli 2. Milli T\u00fcrkoloji Kongresi\u2019nde sundu\u011fu tebli\u011finden<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [xii] \u0130. S\u00fcreyya S\u0131rma, On dokuzuncu Y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 Siyasetinde B\u00fcy\u00fck Rol Oynayan Tarikatlara Dair Bir Vesika, \u0130stanbul Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi, Tarih Dergisi, Say\u0131:31, \u0130stanbul, 1978, s.183<\/span><\/p>\n [xiii] \u00d6mer Ayanl\u0131, T\u00fcrk Japon \u0130li\u015fkilerinde Ertu\u011frul F\u0131rkateyni,\u00a0www.dunyabulteni.net<\/a>\u00a0\/Tarih Dosyas\u0131,7 Ocak 2014; Ayr\u0131ca geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: F. \u015eayan-Ulusan \u015eahin, T\u00fcrk-Japon \u0130li\u015fkileri, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2001<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [xiv] Pankaj Mishra, Asya\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131ya \u0130syan\u0131, Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2013, s.169\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [xv] Pankaj Mishra, a.g.e., s.149<\/span><\/p>\n [xvi] \u201cCemaleddin Afgani Hakk\u0131nda Tan\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d,\u00a0\u00a0 Abd\u00fcrre\u015fid \u0130brahim\u2019in 1930\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Kahire\u2019de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Gen\u00e7lik Derne\u011fi\u2019nde verdi\u011fi konferans metninden\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0www.haksozhaber.net\/cemaleddin-afgani-hakkinda-taniklik-15644h.htm<\/a>\u00a0 -22.07.2010<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [xvii] Said Nursi, \u015eu\u00e2\u2019lar, Yeni Asya Ne\u015friyat, Almanya, 1994, s.313<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [xviii] http:\/\/www.haksozhaber.net\/cemaleddin-afgani-hakkinda-taniklik-15644h.htm<\/a>\u00a0-22.07.2010<\/span><\/p>\n [xix] Pankaj Mishra, a.g.e., s.15<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [xx] tr.wikipedia.org> Halide Edip Ad\u0131var<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [xxi] Edward W. Said, \u015earkiyat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015eark Anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2013, s.9<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \nBelge_No_1a.jpg<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":1598,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[878,877,879,876],"manset":[],"class_list":["post-1607","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-islam-ulkeleri-dis-politika-inceleme-ve-arastirma-kurulu-ar","tag-878","tag-877","tag-879","tag-876"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
\nBelge_No_1b.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
![Belge_No_1a.jpg<\/a>\n](\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/248_Belge_No_1a.jpg\"){kind=link}
![Belge_No_1b.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":1598,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[878,877,879,876],"manset":[],"class_list":["post-1607","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-islam-ulkeleri-dis-politika-inceleme-ve-arastirma-kurulu-ar","tag-878","tag-877","tag-879","tag-876"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAssam<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649, \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f - Assam\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649, \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Assam\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-11-16T19:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/downloads\/2014\/11\/0bfc0ce99892772fc285e10ee3943d9a.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"620\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"H\u00fcseyin Caner AKKURT\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"H\u00fcseyin Caner AKKURT\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/\",\"name\":\"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f - Assam\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/downloads\/2014\/11\/0bfc0ce99892772fc285e10ee3943d9a.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-11-16T19:00:00+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/#\/schema\/person\/6248496c49ac8b96f472f275e268da83\"},\"description\":\"\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649, \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/downloads\/2014\/11\/0bfc0ce99892772fc285e10ee3943d9a.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/downloads\/2014\/11\/0bfc0ce99892772fc285e10ee3943d9a.jpg\",\"width\":620,\"height\":500},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/\",\"name\":\"Assam\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/#\/schema\/person\/6248496c49ac8b96f472f275e268da83\",\"name\":\"H\u00fcseyin Caner AKKURT\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/357b3103b188c1440ebd09ba80ab88b4a369640ee3262bb98c2e5ce0ef305928?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/357b3103b188c1440ebd09ba80ab88b4a369640ee3262bb98c2e5ce0ef305928?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"H\u00fcseyin Caner AKKURT\"},\"description\":\"Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131-Yazar\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/author\/huseyincaner\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Assam","description":"\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649, \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/","og_locale":"ar_AR","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f - Assam","og_description":"\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649, \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.","og_url":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/","og_site_name":"Assam","article_published_time":"2014-11-16T19:00:00+00:00","og_image":[{"width":620,"height":500,"url":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/downloads\/2014\/11\/0bfc0ce99892772fc285e10ee3943d9a.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"H\u00fcseyin Caner AKKURT","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629":"H\u00fcseyin Caner AKKURT","\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631":"\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/","url":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/","name":"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f - Assam","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/downloads\/2014\/11\/0bfc0ce99892772fc285e10ee3943d9a.jpg","datePublished":"2014-11-16T19:00:00+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/#\/schema\/person\/6248496c49ac8b96f472f275e268da83"},"description":"\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649, \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/downloads\/2014\/11\/0bfc0ce99892772fc285e10ee3943d9a.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/downloads\/2014\/11\/0bfc0ce99892772fc285e10ee3943d9a.jpg","width":620,"height":500},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/bati-kanunu-kurtlukta-duseni-yemek-ar\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/#website","url":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/","name":"Assam","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ar"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/#\/schema\/person\/6248496c49ac8b96f472f275e268da83","name":"H\u00fcseyin Caner AKKURT","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/357b3103b188c1440ebd09ba80ab88b4a369640ee3262bb98c2e5ce0ef305928?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/357b3103b188c1440ebd09ba80ab88b4a369640ee3262bb98c2e5ce0ef305928?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"H\u00fcseyin Caner AKKURT"},"description":"Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131-Yazar","url":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/author\/huseyincaner\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1607","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1607"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1607\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1598"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1607"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1607"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1607"},{"taxonomy":"manset","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/manset?post=1607"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}](\"https:\/\/assam.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/248_Belge_No_1b.jpg\"){kind=link}