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( \u063a\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u060c 1976: 102\u061b \u0622\u063a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c 1972: 8-17\u061b \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c b2000: 9\u060c93\u061b \u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c 1987:209)<\/p>\n \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 “\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. (\u0623\u0643\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0627\u060c 1987: 23). \u0623\u0643\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0627\u00a0 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f (\u062a\u064a\u0643)\u060c\u00a0 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0627. \u00a0\u0632\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c “\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f” (\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u060c 1970: 13-14)<\/p>\n \u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0628\u062d\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0623\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 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(\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u060c 1921)<\/p>\n \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 Guignes \u0648L\u00e9on Cahun\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. (\u063a\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u060c 1976a: 1-6).<\/p>\n \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0622\u063a\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a (\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0623\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0631\u062d\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0630\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u063a\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c<\/p>\n Arminius Vambery,Constantin Borzecki (\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627),\u00a0David L\u00e9on Cahun,\u00a0G. N. Potanin, Gyula N\u00e9meth, Joseph de Guignes, J. R. Apselin, Julius Klaproth, M. A. Castr\u00e9en, Moiz Kohen (Munis Tekinalp), N. \u0130. \u0130lminskiy, N. M. Yadrintsev, N. Y. Bi\u00e7urin, P. S. Palas,<\/p>\n Sandor Csoma, V. \u0130. Verbitskiy, Vilhelm Thomsen, Wilhelm Barthold,\u00a0Wilhelm Radlof<\/p>\n \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631”\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a. \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631.Arminius Vambery,\u00a0 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a (1862-1865) 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\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629” (\u0623\u062a\u0650\u0634\u060c 1997: 185).<\/p>\n \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647. \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1789. \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. ( Barthold\u060c 1975: 81-82). \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 “\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 ” (Renan, 1946: 115). \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 ( Saussure\u060c 1998: 28\u060c 276).<\/p>\n \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 “\u0625\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0631” \u0648 “\u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062c. \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645”\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0642\u062f “\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0627” \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644”. (Hobsbawm\u060c 1995: 24\u061b Anderson\u060c 1995:20) \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 (\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c 1946: 105-106). \u0647\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 Hugh Seton-Watson\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629\u060c “\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639” \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a “\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u061b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 ” (Anderson\u060c 1995:17).<\/p>\n \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 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\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 (\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c 1986: 78\u060c 88). \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0635\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648: “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645: “\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646”. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642: “\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629” (Hobsbawm\u060c 1995: 62).<\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\/ \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 “\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0629”\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u062aJohan Gottlieb Fichte\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 “\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644.\u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0640John \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a”. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646\u064aGiuseppe Mazzini \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 (baron\u060c 2007: 60-75). \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648 Jean-Jacques Rousseau \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 “\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629” \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 “\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 (Rousseau\u060c 1986: 199-210). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642.<\/p>\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c “\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629” \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 Immanuel Wallerstein \u0647\u064a: “\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u00a0\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 “\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f” \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0627 “\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u061f”( Wallerstein\u060c 2003: 126).<\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 “\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629” \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646”\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0631Ernest Gellner\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 “\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629” (Gellner\u060c 1992: 28). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (revolution) \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 ((state-building)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\/ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (nation-building)<\/p>\n \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 (1914-1984) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0627\u062a. (\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c 1977: 327). \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a”\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649:<\/p>\n “\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643 \u060c F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00eei \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a “(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a = Second Master) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648. (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 .950) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a “Feyz” (profusio) \u060c Sud\u00fbr (emanatio) \u0648 “Kuvve-i Kudsiye” (\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a… \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633Al-Pharabius \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628) \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 (Avicenna \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 1037)\u00a0 … \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646). \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (A. Guillaume R. Walzer) \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 … “(\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c 1985: 176-179).<\/p>\n \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 “\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a” \u060c\u00a0 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 “\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 – \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u00a0\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u061b\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 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“\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646” (\u062f\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0644 26.01.2010). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u062c\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a \u060c 1970: 57) \u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u060c \u201c\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 “(Copeaux\u060c2000: 25).<\/p>\n \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0645 (\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u060c 1994: 11). \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.. \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n A\u011fao\u011flu, A. (1972). \u00dc\u00e7 Medeniyet. \u0130stanbul: Devlet Kitaplar\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0648 A. (1972). \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f. (1977). \u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642- \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629. (\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648.) \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 2001 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0623\u0643\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u060cY . (1987). \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u00a0H (2003). \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0633. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0642 H (2004). \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c B. (1995). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 – \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0634. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0633 Metis.<\/p>\n \u0639\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u060c S.M. (1972). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u00a0\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u00d6t\u00fcken \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n Atay \u060c F. R. (1999). \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644. \u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n \u0623\u062a\u064a\u0634 ate\u015f \u060c T. (1997). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0631 Der.<\/p>\n \u0623\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0632 \u060c N. (1992a). \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0646\u0627 – \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b – \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 BAYSAN \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n \u0623\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0632 \u060c N. (1992b). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 BAYSAN \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n \u0623\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0632 \u060c N. (1992c). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0647. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 BAYSAN \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n \u0623\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0632 \u060c N. (1992d). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 BAYSAN \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n \u0623\u064a\u0643\u0648\u062a \u060c \u015e. (1936). \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u060c A. (2000). \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u060c M (1988). “\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0633”. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 3. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c S.W (2007). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u060c W. (1975). \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c S. (2006). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0635\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0635\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u060c N. (1965). \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c<\/p>\n \u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0644\u064a\u060c Y.K. (1970). \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0644 E\u011e\u0130L. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c A. (1984). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n Copeaux \u060c E. (2000). \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 (1931-1993). \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n Dayi \u060c H. (2013a). \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n Dayi \u060c H. (2013b). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u061b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u064a\u0633.<\/p>\n \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u060c A. (1978). \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n Descartes \u060cR. (1994). \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629.\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0643. \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c F. (1978). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 Do\u011fu\u015f Ltd \u015eti, .<\/p>\n \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c D. (2006). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n \u062f\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c N. (26.01.2010). “\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646”. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 TARAF \u0637\u0631\u0641<\/p>\n \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0646. (T,Y). \u0633\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0629(\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643). \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629.\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 1001 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n Emre \u060c A.C. (1956). \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627. (1921). “\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0646\u0627.” \u064a\u0632\u0639\u062c\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627. (der.) \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0648. \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646. (2009). \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645. 132.<\/p>\n \u0625\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0645. (1970). \u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0632 \u0643\u0622\u063a\u0627\u0646 O\u011fuz Ka\u011fan. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0625\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u060c M (1951). \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a: \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628.<\/p>\n \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632\u060c M. (1977). \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648.<\/p>\n \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627. (1985). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 1876-1877. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n Gellner\u060c E. (1992). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n \u062c\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u060c Z. (1973). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 1000 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n \u062c\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u060c Z. (1974 a). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 – \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n \u062c\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c Z. (1974 b). \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n \u062c\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628Z . \u00a0(1976 a). \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n \u062c\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c Z. (1976 \u0628). \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n \u062c\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u060c Z. (1977a). \u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629. \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. 50-54.<\/p>\n \u062c\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c Z. (1977b). “\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a”. \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629. \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. 54-60.<\/p>\n \u062c\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u060c Z. (1977c). “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629”. \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629. \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. 44-50.<\/p>\n \u062c\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u060c \u0632. (1981). “\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a”. \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629. \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. 24-25.<\/p>\n Grigoriantz \u060c (t.y) A. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n \u063a\u0648\u0641\u0646\u062c\u060c B. (1996). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 Hobsbawm\u060c E.J (1995). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1780 \u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639”. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n \u0625\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c A. (1947). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n \u0625\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060cA. (1969). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u060c \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n \u0625\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0130. (1987). \u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n Jaffrelot \u060c C. (1998). “\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629”. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a. (Der) Jean Leca \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 Siren \u0130demen. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0633.54.<\/p>\n \u0642\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0130. (1977). \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0642\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648\u060c \u0130. (1985). \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c M. (1970). \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0130. (2010). “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629”. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u0648\u0632. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644Karal \u060c E. Z. (1947). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 5.\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n \u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062aKarpat \u060c H. K. (2010). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629.\u060c\u063a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0634.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a Kennedy \u060c P. (1990). \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c Birtane Karanak\u00e7\u0131. \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n .<\/p>\n \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0632\u060c A. (1994). \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. (2009). \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n Kurtkan\u060c A. (1976). \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633. B. (T.Y) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648 \u060c T. (2000). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628.<\/p>\n \u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062c \u060c C. (1992). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062c. \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c<\/p>\n Milliyet blog; \u00a0“\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n\n
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