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Administration Reform Motion at Ottoman Classic Period<\/strong><\/p>\n There is no definite and clear information about the life of Ko\u00e7i Bey. It is known that Ko\u00e7i Bey was originally Albanian and was brought to Istanbul from Kor\u00e7\u00eb by means of a devshirmeh and entered the Ottoman Palace. It is not known for certain that Ko\u00e7i Bey was from Kor\u00e7\u00eb, but the fact that the graves of his wife and son Sefer Shah are in the Iljaz bej Mirahori mosque in Kor\u00e7\u00eb, and that his grave is in the village of Plamet of Kor\u00e7\u00eb, strengthens the thought that Ko\u00e7i Bey was from Kor\u00e7\u00eb. In various sources, it is stated that the real name of Ko\u00e7i is Mustafa and that the name Ko\u00e7i is his nickname. The name Ko\u00e7i is in the forms of Ko\u00e7i, Koca, Ku\u00e7i in different sources. The word \u201cKo\u00e7\u201d in Albanian means red. It is highly probable that Mustafa Bey was given the nickname Ko\u00e7i because of his red-colored face. There is no definite record of the date of the devshirmeh and the date of entry to the palace. However, it is known that he served in various services in Enderun from the reign of Sultan Ahmet I to the reign of Murat IV. Especially during the reign of Murat IV, he was taken to the Privy Chamber (Has Oda) and gained the trust of the Sultan and became his confidant. Ko\u00e7i Bey participated in the Baghdad expedition as the accountant of Sultan Murat IV. After the death of Sultan Murat, he became the accountant and confidant of Sultan \u0130brahim, who succeeded him. Ko\u00e7i Bey retired in the last days of Sultan \u0130brahim or in the first years of Mehmet the Fourth and settled in Kor\u00e7\u00eb.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1) Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n Societies show social and political changes depending on the development and ownership of the means of production throughout history. While these changes increase political and administrative stability and social welfare in coordination with economic development in some societies, they are seen as counterproductive in some societies.<\/p>\n The fact that the land-based and small-manufacturing mode of production has been replaced by mechanization has necessitated a change in the management and administrative structure of the countries.<\/p>\n With industrialization, which is another name for machine-based production, the capitalist economic system has dominated the administrative structure over time, the search for market and the idea of making high profits have become the main target. These goals and developments have revealed modern, unitary, powerful state organizations and administrative structures.<\/p>\n Countries that could not realize the industrial revolution, on the other hand, took the social, legal and administrative structures of the developed countries as an example in order to catch up with the developed countries. In general, the studies carried out to improve the administrative structures were called reforms and differed according to the countries.<\/p>\n In addition to taking the legal, administrative and social structures of the developed countries as an example by both the Ottoman Empire and some other countries, it is seen that some reform studies were carried out in the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Among these reform efforts, Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet, which is the first written reform and offers suggestions to the sultan, has an important place.<\/p>\n In this study, Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet, which is one of the reform movements to be made in the administrative structure against the deteriorations seen in the 16th and 17th centuries, in the Ottoman State administrative system, which constitutes the past period infrastructure of the present Turkish administrative system, was examined.<\/p>\n In the study, the concepts of reform and administrative reform and the general reasons that necessitated the reform were examined and the reform studies carried out in the Ottoman Empire were given under headings, the life of Ko\u00e7i Bey and the characteristics of the period he lived in and the administrative structure of the Ottoman Empire were examined in connection with the subject.<\/p>\n By examining Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet, analyzes were made in the form of main titles about the issues in which the deteriorations in the administrative structure of the Ottoman classical period were determined, how it offered a solution to these deteriorations and the changes in the administrative structure with the treatise and a short comparison was made with the deteriorations seen in today’s administrative structure.<\/p>\n 2) Administrative Reform, The Reasons That Make Administrative Reform Necessary<\/strong><\/p>\n Although the history of the studies to define the administrative reform phenomenon dates back to ancient times, its examination in terms of academic discipline was accelerated after the World War II. Stating that there was no reform work before this date would cause ignoring the emergence of modern nation-states.\u00a0<\/a>[1]<\/a><\/p>\n Various definitions are made in the academic sense regarding the concept of reform.<\/p>\n Erkul defines the concept of reform as \u201cthe process of correcting, improving and curing a broken, deteriorating and unhealthy situation<\/em>\u201d.<\/a>[2]<\/a><\/p>\n When we examine the definitions of the administrative reform concept made according to ten-year time intervals in the academic discipline, it is seen that there is no differentiation over time. The concept of persistence is defined as \u201call the efforts of the administration to organize and maintain a fast, efficient and high-quality service that will help achieve national goals<\/em>\u201d.<\/a>[3]<\/a><\/p>\n Berkman defines it as \u201cthe conscious change and reorganization attempts made in the organizational structure and process, administrative methods and techniques and personnel element in order to increase the functions of a management system to a level that will perform its functions in a faster, qualified, efficient and effective manner for the purposes of a administration system<\/em>\u201d.<\/a>[4]<\/a><\/p>\n Erkul defined administrative reform as \u201cin the purposes, duties, division of duties, organizational structure, personnel system, resources and their use, methods, administrative arrangements (legislation) of public institutions and organizations; all of the short and long-term, temporary and permanent arrangements that aim to correct the existing problems, disorders and deficiencies in the communication and public relations system\u201d<\/a>[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n It is possible to see the most comprehensive definition of administrative reform in the Administrative Reform Advisory Board Report. Administrative reform is defined as \u201c…in the purposes, duties, division of duties, organizational structure, personnel system, resources and the way they are used, methods, legislation of public institutions; All of the short and long-term, temporary and permanent arrangements that aim to correct the existing problems, disorders and deficiencies in the communication and public relations system<\/em>\u201d.<\/a>[6]<\/a><\/p>\n The term administrative reform is used today with terms such as \u201cimproving the administration\u201d. Erkul defines management administration as \u201call the efforts made to bring the management into an order that will help the institution and the organization achieve its objectives, to provide effective, efficient and quality service and to operate in such an order\u201d; defined the reorganization as \u201cby examining the purposes, duties, distribution of authority, resources, organization, personnel management, communication and transportation systems, human and public relations, administrative texts used by public institutions and organizations; scientific studies and their implementation to reveal the deficiencies and malfunctions seen, to bring solutions and suggestions to them\u201d.<\/a>[7]<\/a><\/p>\n In all the definitions made, it is seen that only the names of the concepts change according to their periods, and the activities that need to be done in the resources and organization structure are the same, considering the purpose of the existence of the administration, which has deteriorated in terms of content. We can state the common features of reform movements and definitions as a regular change within a plan, social change with the change in the structure of the administration, aiming at the efficient and effective functioning of the administrative system, and often a political change in terms of its results.<\/p>\n With the emergence of modern nation-states, the changes made by the states in their administrative structures have been expressed in different terms in the historical process.<\/a>[8]<\/a>\u00a0Different terms were used according to the periods of the reform studies carried out in the Ottoman state. Reform studies that emerged as “advice to statesmen” until the eighteenth century were named as reform, improvement, transformation, administrative reform and structural reform.<\/a>[9]<\/a><\/p>\n The reasons that necessitate administrative reform are directly related to the dynamic process of administration. Administration shows a dynamic process and constantly changes with external and internal factors. The response of the administration to environmental conditions and the level of modernization are important factors in terms of the administration’s need for change. The Administrative Reform Advisory Board Report provides sufficient information on the reasons that necessitate administrative reform. It is the same as the reasons stated in the previous administrative reform studies. Reasons for administrative reform in the Administrative Reform Advisory Board Report:<\/a>[10]<\/a><\/p>\n The factors related to the administrative reform may differ in direct relation to the political, economic and social conditions of the country at the time of the administrative reform. However, the common point of all of them is that the administration could not keep up with the developments of the period in which it lived, that it lost its effectiveness and efficiency, that is, it became obsolete.<\/p>\n There is no definite and clear information about the life of Ko\u00e7i Bey. It is known that Ko\u00e7i Bey was originally Albanian and was brought to Istanbul from Kor\u00e7\u00eb by means of a devshirmeh and entered the Ottoman Palace. It is not known for certain that Ko\u00e7i Bey was from Kor\u00e7\u00eb, but the fact that the graves of his wife and son Sefer \u015eah are in the Iljaz bej Mirahori mosque in Kor\u00e7\u00eb, and that his grave is in the village of Plamet of Kor\u00e7\u00eb, strengthens the thought that Ko\u00e7i Bey was from Kor\u00e7\u00eb.<\/a>[13]<\/a>\u00a0In various sources, it is stated that the real name of Ko\u00e7i is Mustafa and that the name Ko\u00e7i is his nickname. The name Ko\u00e7i is in the forms of Ko\u00e7i, Koca, Ku\u00e7i in different sources. The word \u201cKo\u00e7\u201d in Albanian means red. It is highly probable that Mustafa Bey was given the nickname Ko\u00e7i because of his red-colored face. There is no definite record of the date of the devshirmeh and the date of entry to the palace. However, it is known that he served in various services in Enderun from the reign of Sultan Ahmet I to the reign of Murat IV. Especially during the reign of Murat IV, he was taken to the Privy Chamber (Has Oda) and gained the trust of the Sultan and became his confidant.<\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey participated in the Baghdad expedition as the accountant of Sultan Murat IV.<\/p>\n After the death of Sultan Murat, he became the accountant and confidant of Sultan \u0130brahim, who succeeded him. Ko\u00e7i Bey retired in the last days of Sultan \u0130brahim or in the first years of Mehmet the Fourth and settled in Kor\u00e7\u00eb.<\/a>[14]<\/a><\/p>\n The booklet prepared by Ko\u00e7i Bey is the first written report submitted to the sultan in the Ottoman Empire until that date. Since there was no tradition of giving such a written report in the 17th century, this booklet on the state order gains importance.<\/a>[15]<\/a>\u00a0In addition, the reasons for the collapse seen after the reign of Murat III were examined in the Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet, and the mistakes of the previous Ottoman sultans were fearlessly expressed.<\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklets consist of two booklets, one of which was presented to Sultan Murat IV and the other to Sultan Ibrahim. The Kochi Bey Booklet was first presented to Sultan Murat IV in 1631. This booklet consists of twenty-two chapters written briefly. The fact that the booklet was presented before the date of 1632, when Murat IV took over the administration by hanging Topal Recep Pasha, shows the effect of Ko\u00e7i Bey’s presentations on the Sultan. The sultan, who is tied to his mother’s apron strings until that date, took over the administration under the influence of Ko\u00e7i Bey and made the reforms suggested by Ko\u00e7i Bey.<\/p>\n The fact that the booklet was presented to a tough-tempered sultan like Murat IV shows the importance of Ko\u00e7i Bey for the sultan. The fact that Ko\u00e7i Bey lived in the palace and was among the sultan’s advisers caused him to closely observe and recognize how the state worked, the mistakes made and the malicious manipulation of the sultan by self-seekers.<\/p>\n It is possible to examine the booklet presented to Sultan IV Murat in two parts. In the first part, Ko\u00e7i Bey explains the disorders in the state organization. While doing these, he showed the courage to criticize even the sultan. The second part describes the measures to be taken to correct all disorders.<\/p>\n In 1631, in the days when Murat IV took over the state administration, Ko\u00e7i Bey gave the sultan the reform booklets. It can be said that Sultan IV Murat put his idea of \u200b\u200bmaking radical reforms in the state administration into action, was especially influenced by Ko\u00e7i Bey’s booklets and took action to solve the problems mentioned in the booklets.<\/a>[16]<\/a>,<\/a>[17]\u00a0<\/a>The second booklet is the one presented to Sultan \u0130brahim. Sultan \u0130brahim, who did not have a full education and had spent his life in a cage before power, asked Ko\u00e7i Bey to write him a booklet on the social and economic situation of the Ottoman Empire.<\/p>\n The booklet, which was written on this issue, was presented to Sultan \u0130brahim in 1640.<\/p>\n The booklet presented to Sultan Ibrahim, consisting of eighteen chapters, was written in a plain and clear language. The reason for this can be shown as the lower cultural level of Sultan \u0130brahim and the spiritual state caused by waiting for years in a room of the palace in fear of being hanged at any moment. Ko\u00e7i Bey expressed the issues as if he were giving a lecture to Sultan Ibrahim. In this booklet, Ko\u00e7i Bey appears as a teacher and Sultan \u0130brahim appears as a student. In this booklet, Ko\u00e7i Bey gives information about the state organization, how to address and treat state officials, how to write edicts, civil division, tax and monetary affairs, and the reception of ambassadors.<\/a>[18]<\/a><\/p>\n 5) Characteristics of the Period in which Ko\u00e7i Bey Lived and the Ottoman State Administration of the Period<\/strong><\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey lived in the 17th century. Although this period seems to be the largest empire in the world considering the size of the borders of the Ottoman state, it is a period in which the problems that emerged in the administration of the state, the palace environment, the rebellions, the inadequacy of statesmen, economic problems, the Ottomans were in a difficult situation and there were no good hopes for the future.<\/p>\n 6) Examination of Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet<\/strong><\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet consists of two booklets given to Sultan IV Murat and Sultan Ibrahim. The booklet given to Sultan IV Murat consisted of 22 chapters.<\/p>\n In the first chapter, which is the beginning chapter, Ko\u00e7i Bey explains that \u201cthe sultans take care of all the people<\/a>[19]<\/a> and the religious scholars and mujahid veterans who act according to their knowledge are given what they deserve\u201d. Then, until the thirteenth chapter, he determined the situation by explaining the problems he saw in the Ottoman state administration, the effects of the palace community in the administration, why the vassalage deteriorated, what kind of morality the scholars had, how and why the janissaries were corrupted for the first time, the reason for the strife and corruption in the country, and the situation of the people. After his determinations, Ko\u00e7i Bey made suggestions including the measures to be taken in order to correct each failing issue.<\/p>\n The booklet given to Sultan Ibrahim consists of eighteen chapters. In this booklet, suggestions have been made about the methods to be applied in the administration of the country and the decisions to be taken in military, financial and civil matters.<\/p>\n The problems identified in Ko\u00e7i Bey’s booklet regarding the country’s administration and the suggestions developed against them were examined in the text on the basis of the keywords \u201cState Administration, Vassalage system and Military and Janissary system, People and Tax, Scientists\u201d.<\/p>\n 6.1. Defects Detected in the Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet<\/strong><\/p>\n In his booklet, Ko\u00e7i Bey first gave information about the criteria for the election, duties and powers of the Viziers, Governors and Beys, who had an important role in the administrative staff, about the state administration<\/strong>, explained the reasons for their deterioration, and then made suggestions.<\/p>\n He stated that high-ranking civil servants were chosen from veterans with good morals and underlined that they were not dismissed unless they committed any crime. Especially regarding the Grand Vizier he stated; \u201cThe Grand Vizier is a supreme office. He should not be dismissed without reason after deserving it, and he should remain in the office of grand vizier for many years and be independent in his affairs.\u201d<\/em><\/a>[20]<\/a><\/p>\n Also, regarding the elections of high-ranking statesmen, Ko\u00e7i Bey said;<\/p>\n \u201cPreviously, the principality, governorship and other sultan’s offices were given to veteran, righteous and pious people who had worked in the administration of the country, and no bribes or tips were received in return for a coin or a habbe. In particular, the governor of sanjak and governors would stay in their places for twenty to thirty years.<\/em><\/a>[21]<\/a><\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey states the previous qualifications of the civil servants in the Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun (Imperial Council) as follows; \u201cHighly illustrious court clerks were connoisseurs of writing, capable of knowing the law and able to write letters to the rulers around them. Defter-i Hakani and Finance clerks were knowledgeable, correct, conscious and loyal. Dergah-\u0131 Ali sergeants were experienced workers and were able to act as ambassadors with the rulers around them\u201d.<\/a>[22]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey stated that \u201cbribery\u201d is the main reason for the corruption in state administration.<\/a>[23]<\/a><\/p>\n As a negative practice, stating that the peoples of Enderun and Birun should not interfere in the sultanate and state affairs; during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, he gave the example of the sultan’s making Ibrahim Pasha, who was one of the private harem janitors, a Grand Vizier, without following the old methods, and giving him to his daughter, Mihrimah Sultan, R\u00fcstem Pasha, and making him a Grand Vizier.<\/p>\n In addition, the interference of the people close to the sultan, namely the people of Enderun and Birun, in state affairs led to the killing of many grand viziers and viziers for no reason. Ko\u00e7i Bey describes the unjust killing of Ferhat Pasha as follows; \u201c……he took the son of the shah’s brother with him to the state sultan and handed him over. While compliments and nice words were expected by the sultan in return for such services, courtiers, relatives, some of the gossipers made many slanders about Ferhat Pasha and eventually murdered him without any sin.\u201d<\/a>[24]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n The malfunctions that Ko\u00e7i Bey has identified regarding the state administration;<\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey stated that the mesne lords<\/strong> were among the chosen ones who gave their lives and heads for the sake of religion and the state, at the same time they were brave, superior, obedient people and there were no foreigners among them, all of them were people who had the sultan’s status from their hearth, father and grandfather, and there was no increase in the salary of those who were not seen as useful in the war.<\/p>\n It is stated that on this date, when the deterioration in the vassalage system began in 1584, \u201cOzdemir’s son Osman Pasha\u201d gave vassalage to some foreigners. Giving the vassalage to someone other than the people of the region from Istanbul caused the administration to lose its influence over the people of the region. While the people who had been helpful in the war and were selected from among the people of the region were given vassalage by the governors in the past, the people complained to Istanbul, and then the Grand Vizier from Istanbul gave the vassalage to those who did not deserve it, meaning that the people who were wronged did not have an authority to complain about. It is seen that this situation caused unrest and some vassalage owners did not participate in the wars, and that the state officials and people close to the palace in Istanbul resorted to various tricks such as bribery to get wealth.<\/p>\n He states that vassalage distributed with bribes damage the state treasury, and that as a result of vassalage given to those who are not entitled, veteran, helpful and brave people are left in a corner in poverty.<\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey explains the following regarding the bribe distributed;<\/p>\n \u201c….The viziers who came after them, compelled to follow their inner people, act according to their moods, and did not refuse whatever they wanted. They also start to get involved in many affairs, find their way through the villages and fields that were conquered hundreds of years ago at the expense of blood, give some as barley and some as property, and after they are completely satisfied, each of them gives their men many vassalage and cuts the living areas of the swordsmen\u201d<\/em>.<\/a>[25]<\/a><\/p>\n The malfunctions that Ko\u00e7i Bey has identified regarding vassalage;<\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey first explained the practices of the state in the previous periods about the janissaries and military service. He states that janissaries, armorers, artillerymen and soldiers in other quarries were generally trained in the devshirmeh system and people from other places were not included in them, while devshirmeh were mainly Albanians, Bosnians, Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians.<\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey explains that \u201cJanissary chamberlains and sergeants would stay in their positions for seven or eight years and would not be dismissed without any reason<\/em>\u201d and that the officers in question were assigned to these duties for certain periods of time and that they were not dismissed if they did not commit any crime.<\/a>[26]<\/a><\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey tells that the timariots are in the timars of their owners, they do not go to other places without permission, so that they are aware of everything that is going on in their region.<\/p>\n We can state the malfunctions that Ko\u00e7i Bey has identified regarding military service and the janissaries;<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n By explaining the method of collecting taxes from the people until 1582, Ko\u00e7i Bey states that it is not within the authority of anyone to collect more taxes, except for these taxes, the amount of which is fixed. He attributes the increase in the amount of tax to the increase in expenses with the increase in the number of soldiers from Ulufes, and states that the tax amounts have been increased in order to meet the expenses. He states that the people are in a difficult situation in the face of increasing tax amounts, pressure is applied on the people who cannot pay their taxes, the people are persecuted, they are devastated and exhausted.<\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey describes the plight of the people as follows;<\/p>\n \u201c……When the tax increased, the people were more persecuted and the people was devastated. Previously, forty coins and fifty coins were charged per household, now two hundred each, forty coins from each soldier, three hundred coins for each household, and one coin for each sheep, only for the government property\u201d.<\/a>[28]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n The malfunctions that Ko\u00e7i Bey has identified regarding people and taxes;<\/p>\n Stating that great values \u200b\u200bwere given to scientists during the previous sultan’s period and many beautiful works were created as the fruit of this value, Ko\u00e7i Bey attaches great value to scientists with his words \u201cThe continuation of knowledge belongs to the scholars\u201d.<\/p>\n As a scholar, Ko\u00e7i Bey tells about Shaykh al-Islams, qadi askers, kadis and lieutenants. He states that the most knowledgeable and virtuous among the scholars, the oldest and the most religious, is the Shaykh al-Islam, and the one who has the rank of Shaykh al-Islam will not be dismissed. He tells that after the Shaykh al-Islam, the qadi askers came, they were chosen from virtuous and knowledgeable people and they stayed in office for a long time. He states that these people retire with a certain amount of money at the end of their duties and dedicate their retirement to science and produce beautiful works.<\/p>\n However, he gives an example that the order that has been implemented since 1594 has been disrupted, and that the Shaykh al-Islam Sunullah Efendi was dismissed several times without any reason. He states that in the face of frequent dismissals, officials such as Shaykh al-Islam, qadi asker and qadi were forced to flatter the statesmen, were afraid to tell the truth in the presence of the sultan and tried to make everyone happy.<\/p>\n The malfunctions that Ko\u00e7i Bey has identified regarding scientists;<\/p>\n 6.2. Solution Suggestions Presented in Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet<\/strong><\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey offered solutions to the problems he identified in the state administration, which are still valid today. Ko\u00e7i Bey considered the survival of the state as a priority in his proposals and presented measures in state institutions, both structurally and functionally, in order to achieve this. The suggestions offered by Ko\u00e7i Bey are in the form of advices to the Sultan. It shows the importance of Ko\u00e7i Bey’s influence on the sultan, when a state official clearly stated the setbacks to Sultan Murat IV, who occupied an important place with his practices and decisions in the Ottoman classical period, and indicated what needs to be done in return.<\/p>\n Prevention of bribery comes first among the suggestions offered by Ko\u00e7i Bey. He stated that in order to prevent bribery, the Grand Viziers should not interfere in their duties, the people of Enderun and Birun should be kept away from state affairs, the governors and governor of sanjak should be chosen from qualified, knowledgeable people who had previously served the state, and that they should not be dismissed in a short time through various palace intrigues.<\/p>\n Regarding the improvement of the vassalage system, he proposes that the distribution be fair, and that it should be given to those who serve \u201cworthy of religion and the state\u201d and to those who show usefulness in war among themselves.<\/p>\n Regarding the improvement of the Janissary corps, it recommends that no more people be recruited than necessary, that no concessions should be made on education and discipline within the corps, that the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 head of the janissaries and sergeants and their chamberlain should not be dismissed without any reason, and that the old laws should be applied exactly.<\/p>\n He proposes that the people should be treated fairly in order to improve the situation of the people, and that taxes should not be increased unnecessarily.<\/p>\n While determining Ko\u00e7i Bey’s suggestions about scientists, we should consider Ko\u00e7i Bey’s criterion applied in the selection of kadi as a basis. It is seen that this criterion is not applied in many places even today. Ko\u00e7i Bey’s criteria for the appointment of kadis are as follows;<\/p>\n \u201cIt is not correct to give the high positions of ilmiye through others. It should be given to whoever is the most knowledgeable. The necessary tool on the way to becoming a kadi is \u2018knowledge\u2019. Not age, experience, ancestry and family. Now when they do a fair job, they give the office to the old ones. However, old age is not a reason for being a kadi in the presence of Allah\u201d.<\/a>[29]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n 6.3. Results of Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet<\/strong><\/p>\n Ko\u00e7i Bey wants the Sultan to prevent bribery in the state administration, to give ranks and duties to those who deserve it, to fix the vassalage system and the Janissary corps, to put the army on solid foundations, and to be fair in the tax system. However, when the applications after the booklet are examined, it is seen that there is no fundamental change. The sultan first eliminated the perpetrators of the riots and their collaborators, viziers and statesmen, in order to put an end to the riots that took place within the country.<\/p>\n (Execution of Grand Vizier Recep Pasha, murder of Deli Ilahi, execution of K\u00f6se Mehmet A\u011fa and Defterdar Mustafa Pasha, murder of Kadi of \u0130znik and Shaykh al-Islam H\u00fcseyin Efendi, etc.)<\/a>[30]<\/a><\/p>\n Deli Ilahi is the brother of Daglar Delisi SUleyman, who was in H\u00fcsrev Pasha’s Baghdad expedition and prevented the cavalry from attacking with his speech while they were on the offensive. He settled in Seydi\u015fehir after the Baghdad campaign and was influential there Cezar, et al. (a), p. 1887 K\u00f6se Mehmet A\u011fa; Head of the Janissaries.<\/p>\n During the reign of Murat IV, he disciplined the janissaries by preventing bribery in state institutions. Thanks to the harsh and uncompromising attitude of the sultan in the palace and its surroundings, tolerance and interference in state affairs disappeared. There were reforms in the periods after the Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet.<\/p>\n (Katip \u00c7elebi’s \u201cRoads to be Taken in Correcting Corruptions 1652\u201d and Defterdar Sari Mehmet Pasha’s \u201cAdvice to Statesmen\u201d) However, it is seen that these reform studies were limited to the ruling periods of the sultans and could not be sustained according to the periods.<\/p>\n The reform studies carried out before the 18th century took its place in history in the form of personal studies as advice to the sultans in terms of form and content. The contents of these are generally the arbitrary rule of the sultan and statesmen, corruption in the military order, competition and bribery in the appointments of viziers and civil servants, inattention to the public and heavy taxes, riots, deterioration as a result of unfair distribution in the land order.<\/p>\n After the 18th century, “Westernization” constitutes the basis of the reform studies carried out with the Sultan Selim III. After this date, the reform efforts were directed from personal to institutionalization and first of all, it was aimed to make arrangements in the military field.<\/p>\n It is possible to state the disruptions in today’s public administration as bribery, nepotism, appointments made without regard to merit, the heavy tax system, the influence of military on politics, the struggle between the central administration and the local administration. Contrary to the principle of merit that has emerged throughout history, especially in the personnel regime, which is an important element of public administration, biased employment policies, imbalances in the financial and social rights of employees, and regulation with administrative savings instead of legal norms are the ongoing problems of today’s administrative system.<\/p>\n Therefore, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the problems of the period when Ko\u00e7i Bey Booklet was written and the problems of today. The main themes of both the reform studies before the 18th century and the reform studies from the 18th century to the Republic and the post-Republican period are essentially the same.<\/p>\n We can see the reform movements as \u201creal<\/em>\u201d in terms of the period in which they were made, as a \u201ctragedy<\/em>\u201d when the reforms lost their validity and as \u201cirony<\/em>\u201d that the issues that were the subject of all reform movements in the past are still valid.<\/p>\n REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n AKTAN, Co\u015fkun Can, \u201cPolitikada Liyakat \u00dczerine Kutadgu Bilig ve Ko\u00e7i Bey Risalesi\u2019nden \u00d6\u011freneceklerimiz\u201d,\u00a0Yeni T\u00fcrkiye Dergisi<\/em>, Y\u0131l 3, Say\u0131 13, Ankara, 1997.<\/p>\n AK\u015e\u0130N, Sina, Metin Kunt, Ayla \u00d6dekan, Zafer Toprak, H\u00fcseyin G. Yurdayd\u0131n,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye Tarihi\u20133 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 1600\u20131908<\/em>, \u0130stanbul, Cem Yay\u0131nevi, 1992.<\/p>\n ATAAY, Faruk,\u00a0Neoliberalizm, Kamu Reformu ve Demokrasi<\/em>, Kamu Y\u00f6netimi Y\u00f6ntem ve Sorunlar\u0131, Ankara, Nobel Yay\u0131nevi, 2007.<\/p>\n BERKMAN, \u00dcmit, \u201cPlanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemde \u0130dari Reform Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Uygulamas\u0131: \u0130dari Reformun Y\u00f6netilmesi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Bir De\u011ferlendirme\u201d,\u00a0ODT\u00dc Geli\u015fme Dergisi<\/em>, \u00d6zel Say\u0131, 1981.<\/p>\n CEM, \u0130smail,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Geri Kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Tarihi,\u00a0<\/em>\u0130stanbul, Cem Yay\u0131nevi, 1989.<\/p>\n CEZAR, Mustafa, Server R. \u0130skit, Zarif Orgun, Nail \u0130nal,\u00a0D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murat Devrinin \u00d6nemli Simalar\u0131ndan; \u201cKo\u00e7i Bey\u201d<\/em>, Mufassal Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, \u0130stanbul, Baha Matbaas\u0131, Cilt\u20134, 1960 a.<\/p>\n CEZAR, Mustafa, Server R. \u0130skit, Zarif Orgun, Nail \u0130nal,\u00a0Y\u00fckseli\u015ften Gerileme Devri Sonuna Kadar Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve M\u00fcesseseleri ve \u0130\u00e7timai Hayat\u0131,\u00a0<\/em>Mufassal Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, \u0130stanbul, Baha Matbaas\u0131, Cilt\u20133, 1960 b. DANI\u015eMAN, Zuhuri\u00a0Ko\u00e7i Bey Risalesi,\u00a0<\/em>K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131: 609, 1000 Temel Eser Dizisi:115, Ankara, Sevin\u00e7 Matbaas\u0131, 1985.<\/p>\n DEFTERDAR SARI MEHMET PA\u015eA,\u00a0Devlet Adamlar\u0131na \u00d6\u011f\u00fctler\u00a0<\/em>Osmanl\u0131 Devlet D\u00fczeni, (D\u00fcz. Rag\u0131p U\u011fural), Ankara, TODA\u0130E Yay\u0131n\u0131, 1969.<\/p>\n ERKUL, H\u00fcseyin,\u00a0Y\u00f6netimi Geli\u015ftirme Ders Notlar\u0131<\/em>, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc \u00dcniversitesi Kamu Y\u00f6netimi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Malatya, 2008.<\/p>\n G\u00dcLER, Birg\u00fcl Ayman, Nuray E. Keskin,\u00a0Devlet Reformunu Tarihten \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmak<\/em>, Kamu Y\u00f6netimi Y\u00f6ntem Ve Sorunlar\u0131, Ankara, Nobel Yay\u0131nevi, 2007.<\/p>\n Kamu Y\u00f6netimi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Projesi Genel Rapor,\u00a0<\/em>,TODA\u0130E, Ankara, Yay\u0131n\u0131, 1991.<\/p>\n Kamu Y\u00f6netiminin \u0130yile\u015ftirilmesi, \u00d6zel \u0130htisas Komisyonu Raporu<\/em>, (1994). Ankara, DPT Yay\u0131n\u0131.<\/p>\n Kamu Y\u00f6netiminde Yeniden Yap\u0131lanma 2<\/em>, Kamu Y\u00f6netimi Temel Kanun Tasar\u0131s\u0131, TC. Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k, Ankara, 2003.<\/p>\n Kamu Y\u00f6netiminde Yeniden Yap\u0131lanma 3<\/em>, Mahalli \u0130dareler Kanun Tasar\u0131s\u0131, TC. Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k, Ankara, 2003.<\/p>\n KURT, Y\u0131lmaz,\u00a0Ko\u00e7i Bey Risalesi<\/em>, Ankara, Ak\u00e7a\u011f Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 1998.<\/p>\n KUNT, Metin, Sina AK\u015e\u0130N vd.,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye Tarihi 3 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 1600-1908,\u00a0<\/em>\u0130stanbul, Cem Yay\u0131nevi, 1992<\/p>\n Mehtap Raporu, Ankara, TODA\u0130E Yay\u0131n\u0131, 1966.<\/p>\n S\u00dcRG\u0130T, Kenan,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130dari Reform<\/em>, Ankara, TODA\u0130E Yay\u0131n\u0131, 1972.<\/p>\n T\u00dcRK D\u0130L KURUMU,\u00a0\u201cG\u00fcncel S\u00f6zl\u00fck\u201d,\u00a0<\/em>www. tdk.gov.tr. (Date Accessed: September 22, 2009)<\/p>\n TODA\u0130E,\u00a0\u201c\u0130darenin Yeniden D\u00fczenlenmesi \u00d6neriler ve \u0130lkeler, \u0130dari Reform Dan\u0131\u015fma Kurulu Raporu\u201d,\u00a0<\/em>Ankara, TODA\u0130E Yay\u0131n\u0131 No: 123, 1972.<\/p>\n YAYMAN, H\u00fcseyin,\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130dari Reform Tarihi,\u00a0<\/em>Ankara, Turhan Kitabevi, 2008.<\/p>\n YERAS\u0130MOS Stefanos,\u00a0Azgeli\u015fmi\u015flik S\u00fcrecinde T\u00fcrkiye: Bizans\u2019tan Tanzimat\u2019a<\/em>, Kitap:1 \u0130stanbul, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1986.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/a>[1]<\/a>H\u00fcseyin Yayman, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130dari Reform Tarihi, Ankara, Turhan Kitabevi, 2008, p.25<\/p>\n <\/a>[2]<\/a>\u00a0H\u00fcseyin Erkul,\u00a0Y\u00f6netimi Geli\u015ftirme Ders Notlar\u0131<\/em>, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc \u00dcniversitesi Kamu Y\u00f6netimi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Malatya, 2008, p.2.<\/p>\n <\/a>[3]<\/a>Kenan S\u00fcrgit, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130dari Reform, Ankara, TODA\u0130E Yay\u0131n\u0131, 1972, p. 10.<\/p>\n <\/a>[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00dcmit Berkman, \u201cPlanl\u0131 D\u00f6nemde \u0130dari Reform Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Uygulamas\u0131: \u0130dari Reformun Y\u00f6netilmesi A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Bir De\u011ferlendirme\u201d<\/em>, ODT\u00dc Geli\u015fme Dergisi, \u00d6zel Say\u0131, 1981, p.207<\/p>\n <\/a>[5]<\/a>\u00a0Erkul, p. 2.<\/p>\n <\/a>[6]<\/a>\u00a0TODA\u0130E,\u00a0\u201c\u0130darenin Yeniden D\u00fczenlenmesi \u00d6neriler ve \u0130lkeler, \u0130dari Reform Dan\u0131\u015fma Kurulu Raporu\u201d,\u00a0<\/em>Ankara, TODA\u0130E Yay\u0131n\u0131 No: 123, 1972, p. 7.<\/p>\n <\/a>[7]<\/a>\u00a0Erkul, p.3.<\/p>\n <\/a>[8]<\/a>\u00a0Yayman, p. 25.35.<\/p>\n <\/a>[9]<\/a>\u00a0Birg\u00fcl Ayman G\u00fcler, Nuray E. Keskin,\u00a0Devlet Reformunu Tarihten \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmak<\/em>, Kamu Y\u00f6netimi Y\u00f6ntem ve Sorunlar\u0131, Ankara, Nobel Yay\u0131nevi, 2007, p.103.\u00a0Source<\/em>: (G\u00fcler, Keskin, 2007, p. 103).<\/p>\n <\/a>[10]<\/a>\u00a0TODA\u0130E, p. 9.<\/p>\n <\/a>[11]<\/a>\u00a0Yayman, p. 43.<\/p>\n <\/a>[12]<\/a>\u00a0Erkul, p. 3.<\/p>\n <\/a>[13]<\/a>\u00a0Mustafa Cezar, Server R. \u0130skit, Zarif Orgun, Nail \u0130nal,\u00a0D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Murat Devrinin \u00d6nemli Simalar\u0131ndan; \u201cKo\u00e7i Bey\u201d<\/em>, Mufassal Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, \u0130stanbul, Baha Matbaas\u0131, Cilt\u20134, 1960 a , p. 1901.<\/p>\n <\/a>[14]<\/a>\u00a0Zuhuri Dan\u0131\u015fman,\u00a0Ko\u00e7i Bey Risalesi,\u00a0<\/em>K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131:609, 1000 Temel Eser Dizisi:115, Ankara, Sevin\u00e7 Matbaas\u0131, 1985, p.10.<\/p>\n <\/a>[15]<\/a>\u00a0Y\u0131lmaz Kurt,\u00a0Ko\u00e7i Bey Risalesi<\/em>, Ak\u00e7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 1998, p.4.<\/p>\n <\/a>[16]<\/a>\u00a0Guide, p.34.<\/p>\n <\/a>[17]<\/a>\u00a0Yayman, p.54.<\/p>\n <\/a>[18]<\/a>\u00a0Cezar et al, (a), p. 1901.<\/p>\n <\/a>[19]<\/a>\u00a0Baraya, the people who do not pay tribute, that is, the Muslim people, Reaya, the people who pay tribute, that is, the non-Muslim people<\/p>\n <\/a>[20]<\/a>\u00a0Guide, p.34.<\/p>\n <\/a>[21]<\/a>\u00a0Guide, p. 35.<\/p>\n <\/a>[22]<\/a>\u00a0Guide, p. 37.<\/p>\n <\/a>[23]<\/a>\u00a0Guide, p. 84.<\/p>\n <\/a>[24]<\/a>\u00a0Guide, p. 48.<\/p>\n <\/a>[25]<\/a>\u00a0Guide, p. 49.<\/p>\n <\/a>[26]<\/a>\u00a0Guide, p. 46.<\/p>\n <\/a>[27]<\/a>\u00a0Salary given monthly to each class of Kapikulu (sultan’s household troops) and quarterly to novices<\/p>\n <\/a>[28]<\/a>\u00a0Guide, p. 68.<\/p>\n <\/a>[29]<\/a>\u00a0Guide, p. 54.<\/p>\n <\/a>[30]<\/a>Vezir-i Azam Recep Pa\u015fa; Vezir-i Azam (10 \u015eubat 1632- 18 May\u0131s 1632) Cezar, et al (a), p. 1854.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Administration Reform Motion at Ottoman Classic Period...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":6321,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[250],"tags":[2174],"manset":[],"class_list":["post-6324","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-islam-ulkeleri-ic-guvenlik-organizasyonu-en","tag-koci-bey-booklet"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\n
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